History of Lombok

Lots of interesting things to talk about life on the island of Lombok, in particular on the history of the origins of society, the kingdom has ever seen, creed and religion, to the attractions on offer. So on this occasion I tried to lift a theme of some of the things that exist on the island of Lombok. Here's the explanation:

1. Preliminary 
Lombok (population in 1990: 2,403,025) is an island in the Lesser Sunda Islands Nusa Tenggara or separated by the Straits of Lombok from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait to the east of Sumbawa. The island is roughly circular in shape with a kind of "tail" on the southwest side whose length is approximately 70 km. This island width is 4725 km ² (slightly smaller than Bali). The main town on the island is Mataram.Lombok Strait marks the entrance of the biogeographic separation between the fauna of the region Indomalay and fauna are clear differences in Australasia called Wallace line, named after its inventor Alfred Russel Wallace.Mapping Lombok island is dominated by a stratovolcano Mount Rinjani, which reaches a height of 3.726m (12 224 feet), which makes Gunung Rinjani is the third highest mountain in Indonesia. In the valley of Mount Rinjani, you will find lush green forests, paddy fields and beautiful waterfalls.Crowded center of the most developed in the west is Senggigi, spread 30 kilometers along the coast to the north of Mataram, while the divers are usually gathered in Gili, located on the west coast.The southern part of the island of Lombok is a fertile land where corn, coffee, tobacco and cotton growing. One of the popular tourist destination Kuta, famous for its untouched beaches and some people think this beach is one of the best surfing spots in the world.In total area of ​​4.752km2 (1825 sq mi) are 2,950,105 people (2005), 85% are ethnic Sasak, which was predicted to move from Java in the early centuries BC. Since the Sasak tribe population studied Islam, the scenery on the island of Lombok began much filled with mosques and minarets, and traditional Sasak village, you can find rural life with its unique culture. Other residents include 10-15% Balinese, with the rest are Chinese, Arabic, Java and Sumbawa.

2. History beginning 
Pre-History Era Lombok soil unclear because until now there is no data from experts and evidence to support the pre-history of this land of Lombok.Sasak tribe types including in the Malay race is said to have lived in Lombok over 2,000 years ago and is thought to have occupied the coastal regions since 4,000 years ago. Thus, inter-island trade had been active since the era and with it the interplay between cultures also had spread.Mirah Lombok Sasak Adi is one excerpt from our Negarakertagama, a book containing about power and governance Majapahit kingdom. The word "Lombok" in kawi means a straight or honest, the words "ruby" means jewel, the word "Sasak" means reality, and the word "adi" means a good or a principal. So the complete meaning of honesty is a true gem of a good or principal. The meaning of philosophy that might is always in desire ancestral land dwellers Lombok created as a form of local knowledge should be guarded and dilestariakan by their offspring (Sasak children). In the books - old books, found the name of so-called Lombok Lombok Lombok ruby ​​and adi. Some also mentioned the ejection Lombok Lombok Selaparang or selapawis gumi.The origins of the island of Lombok found in several versions, one of which is the word "Sasak" is etimilogis according to Dr. Goris. s. derived from the word "legal" meaning away and "shaka" meaning ancestors. Means to go to the land of their ancestors Sasak (Lombok). From this etymological ancestor Sasak people suspect is the Javanese. It was determined that the writings of Sasak people of Lombok called Jejawan, the Javanese are more diresepsi by Sasak literature.Traditional Sasak are the majority ethnic inhabitants of the island of Lombok, Sasak tribe is main ethnic covering almost 95% of total population. Other evidence also stated that based on the inscription keg - keg is found in Pujungan, Balinese, Sasak tribe has inhabited the island of Lombok from IX to XI century AD, Sasak said the inscription refers to the ethnic or customs of the Balinese people as far often called the gumi Sasak Lombok island which means the soil, earth or island where bermukimnya Sasak people.Lombok history can not be separated from the alternation of acquisition and wars in which both internal conflicts, ie wars between kingdoms in Lombok and the external control of the kingdom outside the island of Lombok. Developments era Hindu, Buddhist, raises several kingdoms such as Selaparang Hindu, and parrots. The kingdoms of the journey in the submission by the ruler of the kingdom of Majapahit at Gajah Mada expedition in XIII century - XIV and royal mastery Gel - Gel of Bali in the sixth century.Between Java, Bali and Lombok have some cultural similarities such as language and writing. If in search of origin - they come from many roots of Hindu Java. It did not escape from the influence of the Majapahit kingdom mastery are likely to send their family members to order or build a kingdom in Lombok. Balinese influence is very strong in Lombok culture that can not be separated from the expansion made by Balinese kingdom around the year 1740 in the western part of the island of Lombok in a long time. So much going on acculturation between the local culture with the culture of immigrants. It can be seen from terjelmanya genre - genre mix in the arts. Many traditional performing arts genre originating or derived from the traditions of both ethnic performing arts. Sasak and Balinese borrow up to each other and thus create an exciting new genre of art and complementary.Gumi Sasak experienced successive transfer of power to the Islamic era that gave birth to the Islamic empire and Pejanggik Selaparang. There are several versions of Islam to Lombok during the sixteenth century AD. The first comes from the Javanese Islam in a way in through the eastern Lombok. The second Islamization from Makassar and Sumbawa. When the doctrine was received by the nobility teachings quickly spread to the kingdoms in eastern Lombok and Lombok middle.The majority of Muslim ethnic Sasak, however, in fact, the influence of Islam also acculturated to local beliefs that form the flow as wektu telu, if analogous abangan in Java. At this time the existence of wektu telu is less a place because it is not in accordance with Islamic law. Strong Islamic influence shifts Hindu rule in Lombok, until now its existence can be seen only in the western part of the island of Lombok alone, especially in the city of Mataram.Alternation of tenure on the island of Lombok and the influence of other cultures have an impact increasingly rich and varied repertoire Sasak culture. As a form of meeting (diffusion, acculturation, inculturation) culture. As in the case of the arts, art forms in Lombok is very diverse. Original art and each other immigrants melengakapi that create new genres. The effect is most felt acculturated with the local arts bali art and cultural influence of Islam. Both bring a major contribution to the development of art-art that is in Lombok today. Implementation of the meeting culture in the arts, namely, a Balinese influence; Art popple, quarts gerantang, jangger Dance, Gamelan Thokol, and that is the art of Islamic intervening Rudad, Cilokaq, wayang Sasak, Gamelan Tambourine.

Photo 1. Gendang Beleq

Photo 2. Lombok Year 1870

Photo 3. Hamlet Community Sakre 1819

Photo 4. The Dutch market Ampenan

Photo 5. King Lombok

Photo 6. King Mantang

Photo 7. People Cakranegara

Photo 8. Spare Lombok

Photo 9. Spare Lombok

3. The study of the kingdoms of the Lombok 

Among the historical sources that can be used to explain the origin of Lombok is Lombok Chronicle. According to the Chronicle of Lombok, the oldest kingdom on the island of Lombok called the Kingdom Laeq. However, other sources, namely Suwung Chronicle states that, the oldest kingdom in Lombok is built Suwung kingdom and was ruled by King Betara Sense. After this Suwung Empire receded, the emerging kingdom of Lombok. Which is correct, or Suwung Laeq? Everything is still under debate.Briefly, the order of the establishment of the kingdoms in this area can be traced as follows, with the note that this is not the only version that developed. At first, the royal standing is Laeq. It is estimated, its position in the district Sambalia, East Lombok. In its development, and migration, the Laeq move and build a new empire, the empire Pamatan, in Aikmel, Sembalun now. Village location is adjacent to Mount Rinjani. At one point, Mount Rinjani erupted, destroying the village and in the surrounding kingdoms. The population spread fled to safer areas. The move marks the end of empire Pamatan.After Pamatan stopped there Suwung empire founded by Batara Sense. What kingdom is located in the shaft current. After the royal Suwung ends, only then emerging empire Lombok. Over the course of history, the kingdom of Lombok then experienced the devastation of Majapahit army attack in 1357 AD Raden Maspahit, Lombok monarch fled into the woods. When the soldiers returned to Majapahit Java, Raden Maspahit out of the woods and set up a new empire under the name Stone Parang. During its development, the kingdom came to be known by the name Selaparang.Related to Selaparang, kingdom is divided into two periods: the first period, which lasted from the Hindu-13th century AD, and end result of the expedition of Majapahit kingdom in the year 1357 AD, and second, the Islamic period, lasted from the 16th century AD, and ended in the 18th century (1740 AD), after defeated by the combined forces of the kingdom of Karangasem, Bali and Banjar Brittle.Before the 16th century Majapahit Lombok is in power, the prime minister Gajah Mada Maha sent to Lombok. At the end of the 16th century until the early 17th century, heavily influenced by the Java Lombok Islam through preaching by Sunan Giri, was also influenced by the Makassar. This causes a change in the ethnic Sasak religion, the formerly Hindus to Islam.At the beginning of the 18th century AD, the empire conquered Lombok Bali Gel Gel. Relics of Bali's very easy to see is the number of communities that inhabit the Balinese Hindu Mataram and West Lombok. Several large temple is also easily found in both these areas. Lombok managed to free from the influence of Gel Gel after the expulsion Selapang kingdom (East Lombok), assisted by the kingdoms of Sumbawa (Makassar influence). Some soldiers reportedly Sumbawa many eventually settling in East Lombok, as evidenced by the presence of several villages in the Northeast Bank of East Lombok-majority speak the language of Samawa.The above description can at least show that, kingdoms are really there, once stood, growing then collapsed. How is information, such as social and cultural life of ordinary people and the royal family at that time? Historical data reveal that there are not many facts.According Djelenga Then, a more meaningful historical record about the kingdoms in Lombok expedition starting from the entry of Majapahit in 1343 AD, under the leadership of MPU Nala. Nala MPU expedition was sent by Gajah Mada as part of its attempt to unite the whole archipelago under the banner of Majapahit. In the year 1352 AD, Gajah Mada come to Lombok to see for themselves the development of its conquests.According Djelenga, it leaves traces of the expedition of Majapahit kingdom in Bali Gel gel. While in Lombok, standing four major royal brothers and sisters, namely: Bayan kingdom in western Selaparang empire in the East, the kingdom Langko in the middle, and Pejanggik kingdom in the south. In addition to the four kingdoms, there are several small kingdoms, like Parwa and chock Samarkaton and several small villages, such as Pujut, Tempit, Kedaro, Stone Jerky, Kuripan, and Kentawang. The whole village was subdued kingdoms and under Majapahit. When the collapse of Majapahit kingdom and villages then became an independent territory.In between kingdoms and villages above, the most prominent and the most famous is the kingdom, based in Labuan Lombok Lombok. Center is located in the Gulf kingdom Lombok strategic, very beautiful with a lot of fresh water sources. The strategic position and the number of water sources caused much visited by traders from various countries, such as Palembang, Jakarta, Gresik, and Sulawesi. Thanks to the lively trade, the rapidly expanding empire Lombok.The arrival of the Dutch colonizersNetherlands has come and defeating many kingdoms in the archipelago. Dutch imperialism character who wants to rule the whole of the trade in the archipelago has caused outrage in the Kingdom of Gowa Sulawesi. Trade routes to the north has been controlled by the Dutch. To prevent the collapse of the south line, then took the initiative to close the path Gowa southern island of Sumbawa and Selaparang master. The arrival of European colonists brought the mission of Christianity, therefore, Gowa Flores then conquered the West and founded the Kingdom of the Manggarai to prevent proselytizing.Gowa expansion raises concerns Gelgel. To prevent unused Gelgel Netherlands, the Gowa then entered into an agreement with Gelgel in 1624 AD, is called Treaty Sagining. In a regulated agreement, Gelgel not be entered into cooperation agreements with the Netherlands, while Gowa will relinquish his power over Selaparang. The agreement did not last long, because each party is breaking the agreement.To compensate Gelgel in cooperation with the Dutch, then Gowa collaboration with Mataram in Java. Furthermore, in an effort to compete for hegemony, war finally broke out between Gowa and the Netherlands in Lombok. In war, Gowa defeat, until forced to sign a treaty with the Dutch in Bungaya. Bungaya is a place located near the center of the Kingdom Gelgel in Klungkung, Bali, and is a symbol of the close relationship between Gelgel the Netherlands.The consequences of the defeat of the Netherlands is Gowa Gowa must relinquish all territory in Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima. Utilizing the vacancy Gowa, Gelgel Selaparang again tried to conquer, but always failed.Although Selaparang have overcome Gelgel, however, the kingdom is not yet fully secure from external threats. In its development, then stood up two new empire in 1622 AD, the Kingdom of clinch and Pagesangan. To anticipate the threat, then Selaparang put a small army troops to guard the border, under the leadership Patinglaga Deneq Wirabangsa.Apparently, not for the destruction Selaparang two small kingdoms attack, but the attack army expedition Karang Asem Empire in 1672 AD Kingdom Centre Selaparang the ground, while the royal family all were killed. Since then, the kingdom of Karang Asem became sole ruler in Lombok.

4. Social and Cultural Life
In the King Rangkesari, Lombok (Selaparang) reached its heyday. At that time, cultural life flourished. The wise master of fine Selaparang Kawi language, a language that evolved in the archipelago at that time. Thanks to advances in the world of literature, finally, scholars Selaparang succeeded in creating a new script, the script called Jejawen Sasak.With the stock Kawi language knowledge, Sasak and script Sasak, Selaparang many writers write, compose, adapt, or copying of ancient Javanese literature into lontar Sasak. Among these are lontar Kotamgama, Lapel Adam, Menak Berji and Rengganis. In addition, the poets are also a lot of copying and adapting the Walisongo Sufi teachings. Copy and adaptation is evident in lontar entitled Jatiswara, Lontar Nursada and Lontar Nurcahya. Even the stories of many Malays were copied and adapted, as Lontar Yusuf Amir Hamzah Saga and Saga Sidik Orphan.Deeper study of the lontar will be able to reveal the social, cultural and political communities Lombok at the time. In political science, for example, Lontar Kotamgama outlines the nature and attitude of a leader, the Danta, Danti, Kusuma, and Warsa. Danta means ivory elephant, that is, if issued, may not be included anymore; Danti means saliva, that is, when it is thrown to the ground, it may not lick anymore; Kusuma means flower, that is, the same flower may not bloom twice; Warsa means rain , that is, when it is falling to earth, impossible climb back into the clouds. That is why, a king or a leader should be careful in every action, in order not to make many mistakes.Thus, the Kingdom Selaparang appear, grow and then collapse. However, the remnants of the civilization that left written suggests that cultural life in this country is quite vibrant and growing.

5. Tribes in Lombok (Sasak)
If observed physically, Sasak tribe is more like the Balinese than the Sumbawa. From this aspect could be the Sasak people come from Bali. Now living in Bali looking people come from?Here is a collection of historical photographs Schiller Museum Royal Tropical Institute 18-19 century, describing the social life of the people of Lombok in the Dutch colonial period.

Proof of authentic ethnic Sasak A few weeks ago, there was a man sends to me an authentic proof of the origin of the Sasak tribe that saved his family in Central Lombok. Evidence in the form of a family tree that led to a name: Prince Datu Djajing Heaven (of Majapahit, Kabangan, East Java). From the evidence is authentic, it is clear seen that the Sasak tribe inhabiting the island of Lombok, originally from Java.LanguageSasak language, especially the script (written language) it is very close to the script of Java and Bali, both using the same script Ca Ha Na Ka Ra ... etc.. But the pronunciation is quite close to Bali.According to Ethnologue which collects all the languages ​​in the world, is the Sasak language family (Languages ​​Family) of Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian (MP), Nuclear MP, Sunda-Sulawesi and Bali-Sasak. Meanwhile, if we look at it directly, Sasak language developed in Lombok was very diverse, both dialects (pronunciation) and vocabulary. It's very unique and can show many influences in its development. When East Lombok regency government wants to make Dictionary Sasak, they were overwhelmed with the variety of Sasak language that is in East Lombok, although in general can be classified into: Kuto-Kute (Lombok Northern), Ngeto-Ngete (South-Eastern Lombok), Meno -Mene (Lombok Central Section), Ngeno-Ngene (Lombok Central Section), Mriak-Mriku (Lombok Southern Section). From the aspect of language, Papuk Bloq, may have come from Java (Malayo-Polynesian), Vitname or Philipine (Austronesian), or from Sulawesi (Sunda-Sulawesi). Hopefully soon menerbitakan Sasak Traditional Council History books Sasak and finalize Dictionary Sasak.6. Spiritual Life in LombokEffect of Hinduism - BuddhaHindu-Balinese brought directly by adherents, immigrants from the island of Bali since the 17th century AD permualaan. Hindu-Balinese are Hindu-Buddhist teachings syncretizing, also called Siwa-Buddha. According to Sartono Kartodirjo (1975).

Pura Milu Kelepuk Lombok

 

Before immigrants came from Bali, the beautiful and fertile island, named Gumi Selaparang and inhabited by Sasak people. Until the 17th century, there are two kingdoms of the Kingdom Pejanggik Sasak in Lombok Tengah as inland empire and kingdom as the kingdom Selaparang coastal capital in Heaven, Labuhan Lombok, East Lombok.Entering the 17th century (1600s), in waves of immigrants from Karang Asem-Bali came to the island of Lombok to open agricultural land and establish settlements. The new residents came, but because kerajaanya harassed by neighboring kingdom kingdom in Bali, as well as less favorable areas for agriculture tofografinya, the hilly land area. These settlements known as Sengkongok (at the foot of Mount Pengsong), clinch, Pagesangan, and Mataram (Mataram in the municipality) and Tanaq Embet (Senggigi).Islamic influenceAt the beginning of the introduction of Islam to Lombok island, many people are embracing animism, but the arrival of one priest from Java, Sunan Prapen the few places that became his base can still be found today.In terms of the spread of the Islamic religion, the early Sufis crucial role besides traders from Gujarat, India. The Sufis came from Java an impact of Wali Songo. Then followed the orders of the teachings of Sheikh Yusu Makassar, etc.. From the source of the teachings of Shaykh Yusuf, was received directly at the time he was in Banten or of the followers of followers in the archipelago. Meanwhile, from the other sheikh received directly in Makkah at the time of the master teachers of Lombok, Hajj and lived there a few years to deepen their knowledge.The Sufis who spread Islam from the influence of Wali Songo left groups who then called Wektu Telu (three time) to distinguish it from the others, which have undergone a process of Islamisation, namely Islam Lima Time.When King Lombok Mumbul King died, he was succeeded by King Rangkesari. In this Rangkesari reign, Queen Sunan Giri's son named Prince Prapen come to the Kingdom to perform Islamization Lombok. By Chronicle Lombok, Islamization is an attempt Raden Paku (Sunan Giri Queen) of Gresik to spread Islam to various parts of the archipelago.Prince Prapen doing on Lombok Islamization by force of arms. Having people Lombok Islam, he then forwards the Islamization efforts to Bima and Sumbawa. After the death of Prince Prapen, Lombok society back to the origin of religion, paganism. This is due to Lombok many women who have converted to Islam, so it was able to persuade his family to return to the religion of origin.Having managed to get a win in Sumbawa and Bima, Prince Prapen back to Lombok. With the help and Raden Raden Sumuliya Salut, Prince Prapen then create a new missionary movement to Islamize Lombok and achieve success. The entire island of Lombok successfully diislamkan, except in a few places. People who refuse to convert to Islam and then retreated to the mountains, or be conquered.Besides Islamization, other major events that occurred during the reign of King Rangkesari is the removal of the capital of the kingdom, to the village of Labuan Selaparang. The transfer of the capital of Banda is an initiative Patih Judah Lion of Judah and his prime minister, on the grounds, lies the village of Selaparang more secure than strategic and Labuan. With the transfer of the Kingdom of Lombok to Selaparang, then, then the kingdom is also known as the Kingdom of Selaparang.In the previous description stated that the kingdom Selaparang divided into two periods: (1) Hindu period and, (2) the period of Islam. Apparently, the second period is the kingdom Selaparang (Islamic period) is the Kingdom of Lombok who moved the capital to Selaparang, so-called Kingdom of Selaparang.Kingdom of Lombok or Selaparang is constantly evolving, so the kingdom Gelgel in Bali are being challenged. Therefore, Gelgel feel as heir of greatness Majapahit then attacked Lombok (Selaparang) in 1520 AD However, this attack failed by Selaparang. In its development, the Kingdom Gelgel himself then also regressed.7. Tourism on the island of LombokIf we see from the historical aspect, the Sasak can be derived Java, Bali, Makassar and Sumbawa. But it could also be the four ethnic Sasak people not Papuk Bloq, but only a big influence on the development of the Sasak tribe.Lombok island has an area of ​​473,780 hectares is not only storing wealth nature alone. Speak your mind wander the island of Lombok Senggigi beach to stretch the exotic, beautiful, and charming. The white sandy beach with small waves is not be missed. No wonder that many foreign tourists and domestic tourists menyinggahinya.Lombok in many ways similar to Bali, and in the decade of the 1990s has become a popular tourist arrivals. But with the advent of financial crisis and other crises, rather terlantarkan tourism potential. Then in early 2000 a riot of inter-ethnic and inter-religions throughout Lombok resulting in massive displacement of minorities. They mainly fled to the island of Bali.